英语论文写作的时候，一般由以下的结构组成：
- title,author,abstract,keywords
Descriptive (说明性的) information that lets readers search for an article.
- Information
What is the context for this project?
How does it fit in with other research on the topic?
What is the research question?
总结：以上说的是 WHY 部分
- Methods
What did the author do to answer the research question?
总结：以上部分说的是 HOW 部分
- Results
What was the answer to the question?
This is often shown in tables and figures.
总结：以上部分说的是 WHAT
- Discussion/Conclusion
What is the significance of this project?
How does it fit in with what else is known about the topic?
总结：以上部分说的是 SO WHAT 部分
- References（参考文献部分）
Features of Academic English
- it uses formal academic language and avoids colloqualisms (n. 口语)
- it avoid 等待补坑
Concrete example (专业英语风格的例子)
-
No idiomatic (习语)/colloquial (口语)/slang (俚语) kid/boss/staff
-
No phrasal verbs 没有动词短语 take up/get rid of/look into
-
No personal pronouns 没有人称代词 i/me/you/your
-
No contractions (没有使用缩略形式) It’ll / It’s
-
No questions (不使用问题) So why did the project fail?
-
No emotional adverbs（不使用情绪化副词） surprisingly/unfortunately
-
No vague language (不适用含糊不清的语言) and so on /etc
-
No bullet points (不使用要点符号) 比如最前面的那个小黑点
-
No reputation（不要重复）constant repeating same words (exclude key words) 关键词除外
-
No basic language
like 换成 for example
things 换成 factor
lots of 换成 significant amount
get 换成 obtain
big 替换为 large
look at examine 换成 examine
- YES passive stucture we analyse 换成 the data is
- YES accurate vocabulary law-rule-regulation
- YES precise figures/facts a few hours 换成 x hours 5 years ago 换成 in 2015
- YES caution/tentative voice (谨慎 / 试探性的声音) seem/appear/could/may
Essentials (n. 要点) of an Abstract
- Research of background
Why is the research important?Why would a reader be interested in the research?
- Existing problem
(What problem does the research attempt to solve?What is the purpose or the scope of the project?)
- Methods employed (这里的 employed 应该是应用的意思)
What are the scientific approaches used in the study?
- Results or findings
How do the research data indicate the results of the project?
研究数据如何表明项目的结果？
- Conclusions from the research
What can we conclude from the research ?What changes should be implemented as a result of the works?
我们可以从研究中得出什么结论？工程结束后，应实施哪些更改？
考试专用：
一些英语论文中专业的用法：
-
systematically review 系统综述
-
reach a mature stage 达到成熟阶段
-
aim /attempt/intend to 目的 / 企图 / 打算
-
assess/estimate the efficacy of 评估 / 估计… 的功效
-
investigate (调查)/explore the relationship (探索关系)/interaction (相互影响) between …and…
-
the primary (主要的，首要的）
-
proposed（提出了）…outperform（胜过）…on
-
…allow for a conclusive interpretation (总结性的解释)
-
we introduce the notion (概念)/framework (框架，结构) of
-
a major area of interest within the field of … 的主要兴趣领域
