英语论文写作的时候，一般由以下的结构组成：
- title,author,abstract,keywords
Descriptive(说明性的) information that lets readers search for an article.
- Information
What is the context for this project?
How does it fit in with other research on the topic?
What is the research question?
总结：以上说的是WHY部分
- Methods
What did the author do to answer the research question?
总结：以上部分说的是HOW部分
- Results
What was the answer to the question?
This is often shown in tables and figures.
总结：以上部分说的是WHAT
- Discussion/Conclusion
What is the significance of this project?
How does it fit in with what else is known about the topic?
总结：以上部分说的是SO WHAT部分
- References（参考文献部分）
Features of Academic English
- it uses formal academic language and avoids colloqualisms(n.口语)
- it avoid 等待补坑
Concrete example(专业英语风格的例子)
No idiomatic(习语)/colloquial(口语)/slang(俚语) kid/boss/staff
No phrasal verbs没有动词短语 take up/get rid of/look into
No personal pronouns没有人称代词 i/me/you/your
No contractions (没有使用缩略形式) It’ll / It’s
No questions(不使用问题) So why did the project fail?
No emotional adverbs（不使用情绪化副词） surprisingly/unfortunately
No vague language(不适用含糊不清的语言) and so on /etc
No bullet points(不使用要点符号) 比如最前面的那个小黑点
No reputation（不要重复）constant repeating same words(exclude key words)关键词除外
No basic language
like 换成for example
things 换成factor
lots of 换成significant amount
get 换成obtain
big替换为large
look at examine 换成examine
- YES passive stucture we analyse换成the data is
- YES accurate vocabulary law-rule-regulation
- YES precise figures/facts a few hours换成 x hours 5 years ago 换成in 2015
- YES caution/tentative voice(谨慎/试探性的声音) seem/appear/could/may
Essentials(n.要点) of an Abstract
- Research of background
Why is the research important?Why would a reader be interested in the research?
- Existing problem
(What problem does the research attempt to solve?What is the purpose or the scope of the project?)
- Methods employed(这里的employed应该是应用的意思)
What are the scientific approaches used in the study?
- Results or findings
How do the research data indicate the results of the project?
研究数据如何表明项目的结果？
- Conclusions from the research
What can we conclude from the research ?What changes should be implemented as a result of the works?
我们可以从研究中得出什么结论？工程结束后，应实施哪些更改？
考试专用：
一些英语论文中专业的用法：
systematically review 系统综述
reach a mature stage 达到成熟阶段
aim /attempt/intend to 目的/企图/打算
assess/estimate the efficacy of 评估/估计…的功效
investigate(调查)/explore the relationship(探索关系)/interaction(相互影响) between …….and…….
the primary(主要的，首要的）
proposed（提出了）……outperform（胜过）……on
……allow for a conclusive interpretation(总结性的解释)
we introduce the notion(概念)/framework(框架，结构) of
a major area of interest within the field of ……. 的主要兴趣领域
